Xtykutl

I will be taking photographs of a high school play in a large auditorium. Lighting will be stage and rather low light. Will possibly need flash to achieve good results of cast members. Will be using a Nikon D7100, Nikon 50mm f/1.8 for closeups and SB700 speedlight if needed. Looking for suggestions in regards flash usage tips and techniques.

Ceiling is rather high and doubtful bounce will be effective. Will be taking photos both before and after, where I can get rather close to subjects, and during the performance. My fiancee is the director and I would like to produce some usable photos for the school newspaper, yearbook and for parents/actors to remember the performance.

This is a dress rehearsal performance and actors will be frozen at times for photo opportunities. Will have absolute access to auditorium and stage. Thank you. Will be renting Nikon 70-200 f/2.8.

Will need flash to achieve good results...

You'll not get "excellent quality results" using flash in this situation. Theatrical productions are lit with theatrical lighting. If you want your images to look like the show did to the audience, you need to capture what light the production is using to illuminate the scenes for the audience.

You've got reasonably decent equipment for the task. The D7100 can get good results at ISO 3200 or so as long as you aren't intending to make high quality prints at very large sizes (in the 16x10 or larger range). For those kinds of prints you probably need to shoot scenes staged for your camera before or after the actual shows. You can use flashes and modifiers (gels for color, snoots, soft boxes, reflectors, etc. to shape the light) to simulate the lighting used during actual performances.

Will be using a Nikon D7100, Sigma 17-50 f/2.8

For the actual performances you'll probably find 50mm extremely limiting, even when paired with an APS-C camera body. You might consider borrowing or renting a 70-200mm f/2.8 to get many of the shots you probably want to capture.

For shooting the actual performance:

Photography in a theatrical setting is one of the most challenging forms there is, both in terms of pushing the equipment you use to the absolute edge of their capabilities and in terms of requiring every bit of skill and experience you might have as the photographer.

_{Manual exposure with Evaluative metering at about -1. EOS 5D Mark II, EF 70-200mm f/2.8 L IS II @ 200mm, ISO 1600, f/2.8 (notice only the front line is in sharp focus), 1/200 second. I'm right on the edge of motion blur at 200mm and 1/200 second even when timing the kick at the apex. But the faces are sharp and that's what counts the most.}

Photography is the art of capturing light. Most theatrical settings don't offer much light to capture and what light there is to capture is changing rapidly and the subjects are usually very animated.

The traditional solution to not much light (longer shutter speed using a tripod to hold the camera still) doesn't work because nobody on stage stands still for 10-15 seconds while you take a picture.

The traditional solution to capturing motion (faster shutter speeds) doesn't usually work because there isn't enough light to capture a good image on a small sensor with a narrow aperture.

In the end you have to balance the two as best you can AND use gear that allows you to capture as much of the scarce light that is present in the scene in as fast a time as possible. That means fast lenses (wide apertures), larger sensors, and cameras that are highly responsive (fast handling and AF). It also means you must use impeccable timing when you release the shutter. If a performer is jumping you can get by with a slower shutter time if you catch the performer in the instant they stop going up and start going back down. If they're running back and forth across the stage, catch them in the instant when they transition from moving right to moving left or vice versa.

I've shot theatrical performances with both APS-C and full frame cameras. With even the best APS-C sensors I wouldn't try to shoot using any lens narrower than f/2.8. With a FF sensor I sometimes will use an f/4 zoom for the wider angle stuff where motion blur from slightly slower shutter times is not as much of an issue. For tighter shots using longer focal lengths I use an f/2.8 zoom or even a wider aperture prime such as a 100mm f/2 or 135mm f/2 to allow fast enough shutter times in such a setting. I often use a monopod with the 70-200 lens just to help with camera stability. (Most of the time shooting high school and community theater I have free run of the theater. I tend to wear all dark clothing and be as invisible and non-invasive as possible. It helps if the theater has outside aisles. Moving about is not always an option, though, especially in commercial/professional settings. Fortunately the lighting is also usually better and a lot of the time with such productions you're only allowed to shoot the dress rehearsal anyway, where you do have more freedom of movement.)

If at all possible it helps to be familiar with the production before you shoot it. Attend a few of the last rehearsals when the lighting crew is also participating if such rehearsals occur with the dance program. Even if there are no rehearsals with the same lighting as the show, catch a few of the dancers' rehearsals to learn their routines. The best shots you'll get will always be the ones you anticipate and set up for in advance of when the action actually happens.

_{Shot from the orchestra pit during a dance number. EOS 5D Mark II, EF 24-105mm f/4 IS @ 24mm, ISO 1600, f/4, 1/160 second. Shot using Evaluative metering in Av exposure mode with -1 1/3 stop exposure compensation. I timed the shutter when the nearest briefcases were at the apex of their trajectory.}

_{Manual exposure mode with Evaluative metering showing about -1. EOS 5D Mark II, EF 70-200mm f/2.8 L IS II @ 75mm, ISO 1000, f/3.5 (to get enough DoF for the multiple rows of performers), 1/125 second. Timing the up/down movement of the dancers is critical when using such a slow shutter speed. Notice how much blurrier the dancer at the far right is who is out of sync.}

_{Manual exposure with Evaluative metering at about -1. EOS 5D Mark II, EF 70-200mm f/2.8 L IS II @ 70mm, ISO 1600, f/4, 1/125 second. The performers who are at the apex of their leaps are fairly sharp, those who were a little early or late show motion blur.}

Notice that even though three of the four shots above of the same production were done using manual exposure the ISO, AV, and Tv combination are different for each shot. Learning your camera's controls enough to adjust ISO, Tv, and Av by touch without moving your eye from the viewfinder is critical to successful theatrical shooting. So is paying careful attention to the light meter and knowing which metering mode you are in and how each metering mode will affect the readings you are seeing.

For tighter shots the needed Tv to freeze motion gets shorter. Sometimes you must concede that you won't be able to freeze every part of a performer's body with the options available to you (light, lens, camera's high ISO performance limits). In such a case the key thing to remember is to place the face at highest priority. Even if you have to pan a little to track the face during the exposure and blur the entire rest of the scene, it will look better than the rest of the scene sharp but the lead performer's face blurry.

_{EOS 5D Mark II, EF 70-200mm f/2.8 L IS II @ 200mm, ISO 1600, f/3.2, 1/200 second. (I could have gotten a slightly better result at f/2.8 and 1/250 if I'd been totally on my game!)}

Shooting raw images so you will have latitude in adjusting color as well as exposure in post-processing is paramount. Having all the raw data from each image available opens so many more possibilities with regard to color, exposure, contrast, etc. than the much more limited information in a jpeg file (please see this answer to the last question linked below for a fuller explanation).

Similarity to concert photography:

There's not a lot of difference between shooting a large scale concert and a theatrical production. Both tend to be lit by the same kinds of lighting. Both have performers that are often moving around the stage, but are occasionally standing still.

_{EOS 5D Mark II + EF 24-70mm f/2.8 L}

There's another question here that deals with shooting a music concert from a near stage location. I'm having trouble getting sharp pictures while shooting a concert from a press pass location Much of what is said there is applicable in your situation as well.

_{EOS 5D Mark II + EF 24-105mm f/4 L IS}

_{Canon EOS 5D Mark III + EF 135mm f/2 L}

There are also a few other questions and answers that you might find helpful:

Regarding lenses:
What are appropriate lenses for concert photography?
What kind of filter (if any) should I use when photographing a theater scene? (hint: Lose the filter on the front of your lens!)
Canon 70-200 f2.8 non IS or f4 IS

Regarding metering/exposure issues
What went wrong with this concert photo and what could I have done to make it better?
Blown out blue/red light making photos look out of focus (particularly this answer)

Will be taking photos both before and after, where I can get rather close to subjects

For posed crew and actor shots both before and after, have the crew bump up the stage lights so that you have enough light to shoot without flash. Use your flash as a fill flash if shadows are harsh, either on or off camera as you see fit.

From Tetsujin, 'Knowing the director' can give you access to the dress rehearsal & patience would allow some choreographed shots before or after their final rehearsal where you can get assistance from cast & crew to do some up close & personal shots that look like they were taken from unlikely stage access right in the middle of the play.

during the performance

Please don't use flash during a performance. It's disruptive when one person does it - and your actions may cause another person with a camera to assume that they can use flash, and now there's two disruptive shooters.

Additionally, part of a performance is the lighting for each scene. Overpowering that with flash will yield an image that does not represent the performance as it was intended. So, shoot without flash. Rent a prime or two if needed (for the extra stops) and crank the ISO as needed to give you the shutter speeds you want.

usable photos for the school newspaper, yearbook and for parents/actors to remember the performance.

Newspapers print in abysmal quality. I'd be comfortable shooting a camera from 2008 at ISO 1600, cleaning up the noise a bit, and having those shots printed. Point is, I wouldn't worry about the shot quality at high ISO's for these prints.

Yearbook's will typically give your images less space than a 4x6. Again, shoot RAW and clean up the noise in post and these will look fine.

Prints for Parents...Again, shoot RAW and reduce noise in post and you should get usable images at ISO 3200 up to an 8x10. If you are printing smaller, or simply using web-resolution images, then don't worry about it.

how to achieve excellent quality results?

Truly excellent results - the kind you'd go print a 16x20 with, will necessitate using the best in noise-handling cameras with sharp and wide aperture lenses. If you are looking for this, then I'd recommend renting a current generation body and top quality glass. Again though - please don't use flash during the performance. Capture it as is - the crew work hard for the lighting.